26 Nov 2009
India Complacent a Year After Mumbai
Hotel Taj Mahal in Mumbai, scene of terror attack.
(cc) Stuti Sakhalkar/flickr
It’s a year since militants struck the Indian financial capital of Mumbai, killing 163 people. While the public outrage that followed was significant and there were expectations that it would force the Indian government to address systemic security shortcomings, little has changed, Harsh V Pant comments for ISN Security Watch.
By Harsh V Pant for ISN Security Watch
India’s security apparatus is as unprepared today as it was a year ago, and the fact that there have been no major attacks over the past year has less to do with greater efficiency and security improvements that it does with the fact that Pakistan itself has become a target of the extremists.
Despite the scale, scope and audacity of the Mumbai attack, to compare it to 9/11 in the US would mean ignoring the underlying issues that led to the attack in the first place. After all, the Indian Parliament was attacked in 2001 and India’s response then was as ineffective as it was after Mumbai.
As such, it is no surprise that public frustration is growing. Though the Indian prime minister had promised to “go after these individuals and organizations and make sure that every perpetrator, organizer and supporter of terror, whatever his affiliation or religion may be, pays a heavy price,” the government has nothing to show. India had hoped that pressure from the international community and especially the US would force Pakistan (from where the Mumbai attackers hailed) to address Indian concerns. But it took Pakistan a year to even charge the terror masterminds of Lashkar-e-Taiba with planning and helping execute the attacks.
A realization is dawning in India that the strategic end-state it seeks is rather different from the one that the US, or the western world in general, seeks. For the US, the priority is preventing an India-Pakistan conflagration that could further upset the war in Afghanistan. India is therefore being asked to take Pakistan’s security concerns into account and to resist domestic calls to pressure Pakistan and instead to engage with Islamabad. Though the Indian government has made some moves toward reviving the Indo-Pak peace process, there is no public appetite for engagement until Pakistan dismantles the terror infrastructure on its territory.
Meanwhile, Indian internal security sector reforms have gone nowhere. The appalling state of India’s internal security apparatus was evident in the manner in which Indian agencies confronted the Mumbai attacks. As terrorists wreaked havoc on Mumbai for three days, Indian security forces struggled to get a handle on the situation. Apart from some usual tinkering with the institutional and legal frameworks, the Indian government has not made any attempt towards a systemic overhaul. The report on Mumbai attacks has not been made public, and as such, public debate has taken place in a vacuum. India’s ability to prevent attacks through intelligence gathering and better policing remains at best questionable, while the police forces remain underfunded and undertrained.
The Indian government's anti-terror stance has repeatedly been shown ineffective. Not only have the terrorists continued to attack India at regular intervals with impunity, but not a single major terrorist case has been solved over the past few years. At a time when India needs effective institutional capacity to fight ever-more sophisticated terror networks, Indian police and intelligence services are demoralized to an unprecedented degree. The blatant communalizing of the process under which the security forces were forced to call off searches and interrogations for fear of offending this or that community has led them to become risk-averse.
Though a large number of security personnel die year after year fighting extremists, the government's inability and/or unwillingness to face up to the security threat and firmly counter it might end up making such sacrifices meaningless.
Today, the legitimacy of the Indian state is being questioned not only by groups on the margins of Indian society and polity but also by mainstream political parties. As long as India's response to terrorism is characterized by a shameless appeal along religious lines with political parties trying to consolidate their vote banks instead of coming together to fight the menace, India will continue to be viewed as a soft target by its adversaries.
As the security situation in India’s neighborhood deteriorates further, it is only a matter of time before another attack will happen, and so far there are few signs to suggest that the Indian government has risen to the challenge.
Harsh Pant is a lecturer at King's College London. His research interests include WMD proliferation, US foreign policy and Asia-Pacific security issues. He is also presently a Visiting Fellow at CASI, University of Pennsylvania.
The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the author only, not the International Relations and Security Network (ISN).
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kannan karthik | private sector | trivandrum, india | 29 November 2009
with all due respect to the vast expericnce of the author im reasonably sure that the author has not done his homework before coming to his conclusions.Im residing in te southernmost part of india and i can see the visible change next to my doors..there are amphibous boats patrolling. I see d cos carrying AK 47 assaut rifles which replaced older .303..If u call in a police station here and report some suspicious activity here, the respnse u might get would not have hapnd pre 26/11..moreover we got the elite NSG hubs on major 6 major cities and a home commando division in 4 states which has in fact greatl reduced the reaction time of the elite commandos, which in fact was amajor factot of criticizm while 26/11 unfolded..moreover..the " inneffective response" has to be made clear by the author. Well if it refers to an armed conflict wid the neighbouring state , that clearly is out of questin.These is a slight difference btw india and the NATO allies regarding this issue and i would lke the difference to remain as such.The only option left is a diplomatic solution whereby international pressure has to be applied on pakistan , which increasingly is becoming a failed state. But as long as US and its allies go on with the poicies of this "Good Taliban- bad Taliban" stuff things supposedly will take time to solve